.. index::
    single: Forms
    single: Components; Form

The Form Component
==================

    The Form component allows you to create, process and reuse forms.

The Form component is a tool to help you solve the problem of allowing end-users
to interact with the data and modify the data in your application. And though
traditionally this has been through HTML forms, the component focuses on
processing data to and from your client and application, whether that data
be from a normal form post or from an API.

Installation
------------

.. code-block:: terminal

    $ composer require symfony/form

.. include:: /components/require_autoload.rst.inc

Configuration
-------------

.. seealso::

    This article explains how to use the Form features as an independent
    component in any PHP application. Read the :doc:`/forms` article to learn
    about how to use it in Symfony applications.

In Symfony, forms are represented by objects and these objects are built
by using a *form factory*. Building a form factory is done with the factory
method ``Forms::createFormFactory``::

    use Symfony\Component\Form\Forms;

    $formFactory = Forms::createFormFactory();

This factory can already be used to create basic forms, but it is lacking
support for very important features:

* **Request Handling:** Support for request handling and file uploads;
* **CSRF Protection:** Support for protection against Cross-Site-Request-Forgery
  (CSRF) attacks;
* **Templating:** Integration with a templating layer that allows you to reuse
  HTML fragments when rendering a form;
* **Translation:** Support for translating error messages, field labels and
  other strings;
* **Validation:** Integration with a validation library to generate error
  messages for submitted data.

The Symfony Form component relies on other libraries to solve these problems.
Most of the time you will use Twig and the Symfony
:doc:`HttpFoundation </components/http_foundation>`,
:doc:`Translation </translation>` and :doc:`Validator </components/validator>`
components, but you can replace any of these with a different library of your choice.

The following sections explain how to plug these libraries into the form
factory.

.. tip::

    For a working example, see https://github.com/webmozart/standalone-forms

Request Handling
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

To process form data, you'll need to call the :method:`Symfony\\Component\\Form\\Form::handleRequest`
method::

    $form->handleRequest();

Behind the scenes, this uses a :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Form\\NativeRequestHandler`
object to read data off of the correct PHP superglobals (i.e. ``$_POST`` or
``$_GET``) based on the HTTP method configured on the form (POST is default).

.. seealso::

    If you need more control over exactly when your form is submitted or which
    data is passed to it,
    :doc:`use the submit() method to handle form submissions </form/direct_submit>`.

.. sidebar:: Integration with the HttpFoundation Component

    If you use the HttpFoundation component, then you should add the
    :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Form\\Extension\\HttpFoundation\\HttpFoundationExtension`
    to your form factory::

        use Symfony\Component\Form\Extension\HttpFoundation\HttpFoundationExtension;
        use Symfony\Component\Form\Forms;

        $formFactory = Forms::createFormFactoryBuilder()
            ->addExtension(new HttpFoundationExtension())
            ->getFormFactory();

    Now, when you process a form, you can pass the :class:`Symfony\\Component\\HttpFoundation\\Request`
    object to :method:`Symfony\\Component\\Form\\Form::handleRequest`::

        $form->handleRequest($request);

    .. note::

        For more information about the HttpFoundation component or how to
        install it, see :doc:`/components/http_foundation`.

CSRF Protection
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Protection against CSRF attacks is built into the Form component, but you need
to explicitly enable it or replace it with a custom solution. If you want to
use the built-in support, first install the Security CSRF component:

.. code-block:: terminal

    $ composer require symfony/security-csrf

The following snippet adds CSRF protection to the form factory::

    use Symfony\Component\Form\Extension\Csrf\CsrfExtension;
    use Symfony\Component\Form\Forms;
    use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Session\Session;
    use Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\CsrfTokenManager;
    use Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenGenerator\UriSafeTokenGenerator;
    use Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage;

    // creates a Session object from the HttpFoundation component
    $session = new Session();

    $csrfGenerator = new UriSafeTokenGenerator();
    $csrfStorage = new SessionTokenStorage($session);
    $csrfManager = new CsrfTokenManager($csrfGenerator, $csrfStorage);

    $formFactory = Forms::createFormFactoryBuilder()
        // ...
        ->addExtension(new CsrfExtension($csrfManager))
        ->getFormFactory();

Internally, this extension will automatically add a hidden field to every
form (called ``_token`` by default) whose value is automatically generated by
the CSRF generator and validated when binding the form.

.. tip::

    If you're not using the HttpFoundation component, you can use
    :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Security\\Csrf\\TokenStorage\\NativeSessionTokenStorage`
    instead, which relies on PHP's native session handling::

        use Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\NativeSessionTokenStorage;

        $csrfStorage = new NativeSessionTokenStorage();
        // ...

You can disable CSRF protection per form using the ``csrf_protection`` option::

    use Symfony\Component\Form\Extension\Core\Type\FormType;

    $form = $formFactory->createBuilder(FormType::class, null, ['csrf_protection' => false])
        ->getForm();

Twig Templating
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

If you're using the Form component to process HTML forms, you'll need a way to
render your form as HTML form fields (complete with field values, errors, and
labels). If you use `Twig`_ as your template engine, the Form component offers a
rich integration.

To use the integration, you'll need the twig bridge, which provides integration
between Twig and several Symfony components:

.. code-block:: terminal

    $ composer require symfony/twig-bridge

The TwigBridge integration provides you with several
:ref:`Twig Functions <reference-form-twig-functions-variables>`
that help you render the HTML widget, label, help and errors for each field
(as well as a few other things). To configure the integration, you'll need
to bootstrap or access Twig and add the :class:`Symfony\\Bridge\\Twig\\Extension\\FormExtension`::

    use Symfony\Bridge\Twig\Extension\FormExtension;
    use Symfony\Bridge\Twig\Form\TwigRendererEngine;
    use Symfony\Component\Form\FormRenderer;
    use Symfony\Component\Form\Forms;
    use Twig\Environment;
    use Twig\Loader\FilesystemLoader;
    use Twig\RuntimeLoader\FactoryRuntimeLoader;

    // the Twig file that holds all the default markup for rendering forms
    // this file comes with TwigBridge
    $defaultFormTheme = 'form_div_layout.html.twig';

    $vendorDirectory = realpath(__DIR__.'/../vendor');
    // the path to TwigBridge library so Twig can locate the
    // form_div_layout.html.twig file
    $appVariableReflection = new \ReflectionClass('\Symfony\Bridge\Twig\AppVariable');
    $vendorTwigBridgeDirectory = dirname($appVariableReflection->getFileName());
    // the path to your other templates
    $viewsDirectory = realpath(__DIR__.'/../views');

    $twig = new Environment(new FilesystemLoader([
        $viewsDirectory,
        $vendorTwigBridgeDirectory.'/Resources/views/Form',
    ]));
    $formEngine = new TwigRendererEngine([$defaultFormTheme], $twig);
    $twig->addRuntimeLoader(new FactoryRuntimeLoader([
        FormRenderer::class => function () use ($formEngine, $csrfManager) {
            return new FormRenderer($formEngine, $csrfManager);
        },
    ]));

    // ... (see the previous CSRF Protection section for more information)

    // adds the FormExtension to Twig
    $twig->addExtension(new FormExtension());

    // creates a form factory
    $formFactory = Forms::createFormFactoryBuilder()
        // ...
        ->getFormFactory();

.. versionadded:: 1.30

    The ``Twig\RuntimeLoader\FactoryRuntimeLoader`` was introduced in Twig 1.30.

The exact details of your `Twig Configuration`_ will vary, but the goal is
always to add the :class:`Symfony\\Bridge\\Twig\\Extension\\FormExtension`
to Twig, which gives you access to the Twig functions for rendering forms.
To do this, you first need to create a :class:`Symfony\\Bridge\\Twig\\Form\\TwigRendererEngine`,
where you define your :doc:`form themes </form/form_themes>`
(i.e. resources/files that define form HTML markup).

For general details on rendering forms, see :doc:`/form/form_customization`.

.. note::

    If you use the Twig integration, read ":ref:`component-form-intro-install-translation`"
    below for details on the needed translation filters.

.. _component-form-intro-install-translation:

Translation
~~~~~~~~~~~

If you're using the Twig integration with one of the default form theme files
(e.g. ``form_div_layout.html.twig``), there is a Twig filter (``trans``)
that is used for translating form labels, errors, option
text and other strings.

To add the ``trans`` Twig filter, you can either use the built-in
:class:`Symfony\\Bridge\\Twig\\Extension\\TranslationExtension` that integrates
with Symfony's Translation component, or add the Twig filter yourself,
via your own Twig extension.

To use the built-in integration, be sure that your project has Symfony's
Translation and :doc:`Config </components/config>` components
installed:

.. code-block:: terminal

    $ composer require symfony/translation symfony/config

Next, add the :class:`Symfony\\Bridge\\Twig\\Extension\\TranslationExtension`
to your ``Twig\Environment`` instance::

    use Symfony\Bridge\Twig\Extension\TranslationExtension;
    use Symfony\Component\Form\Forms;
    use Symfony\Component\Translation\Loader\XliffFileLoader;
    use Symfony\Component\Translation\Translator;

    // creates the Translator
    $translator = new Translator('en');
    // somehow load some translations into it
    $translator->addLoader('xlf', new XliffFileLoader());
    $translator->addResource(
        'xlf',
        __DIR__.'/path/to/translations/messages.en.xlf',
        'en'
    );

    // adds the TranslationExtension (it gives us trans filter)
    $twig->addExtension(new TranslationExtension($translator));

    $formFactory = Forms::createFormFactoryBuilder()
        // ...
        ->getFormFactory();

Depending on how your translations are being loaded, you can now add string
keys, such as field labels, and their translations to your translation files.

For more details on translations, see :doc:`/translation`.

Validation
~~~~~~~~~~

The Form component comes with tight (but optional) integration with Symfony's
Validator component. If you're using a different solution for validation,
no problem! Take the submitted/bound data of your form (which is an
array or object) and pass it through your own validation system.

To use the integration with Symfony's Validator component, first make sure
it's installed in your application:

.. code-block:: terminal

    $ composer require symfony/validator

If you're not familiar with Symfony's Validator component, read more about
it: :doc:`/validation`. The Form component comes with a
:class:`Symfony\\Component\\Form\\Extension\\Validator\\ValidatorExtension`
class, which automatically applies validation to your data on bind. These
errors are then mapped to the correct field and rendered.

Your integration with the Validation component will look something like this::

    use Symfony\Component\Form\Extension\Validator\ValidatorExtension;
    use Symfony\Component\Form\Forms;
    use Symfony\Component\Validator\Validation;

    $vendorDirectory = realpath(__DIR__.'/../vendor');
    $vendorFormDirectory = $vendorDirectory.'/symfony/form';
    $vendorValidatorDirectory = $vendorDirectory.'/symfony/validator';

    // creates the validator - details will vary
    $validator = Validation::createValidator();

    // there are built-in translations for the core error messages
    $translator->addResource(
        'xlf',
        $vendorFormDirectory.'/Resources/translations/validators.en.xlf',
        'en',
        'validators'
    );
    $translator->addResource(
        'xlf',
        $vendorValidatorDirectory.'/Resources/translations/validators.en.xlf',
        'en',
        'validators'
    );

    $formFactory = Forms::createFormFactoryBuilder()
        // ...
        ->addExtension(new ValidatorExtension($validator))
        ->getFormFactory();

To learn more, skip down to the :ref:`component-form-intro-validation` section.

Accessing the Form Factory
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Your application only needs one form factory, and that one factory object
should be used to create any and all form objects in your application. This
means that you should create it in some central, bootstrap part of your application
and then access it whenever you need to build a form.

.. note::

    In this document, the form factory is always a local variable called
    ``$formFactory``. The point here is that you will probably need to create
    this object in some more "global" way so you can access it from anywhere.

Exactly how you gain access to your one form factory is up to you. If you're
using a service container (like provided with the
:doc:`DependencyInjection component </components/dependency_injection>`),
then you should add the form factory to your container and grab it out whenever
you need to. If your application uses global or static variables (not usually a
good idea), then you can store the object on some static class or do something
similar.

Regardless of how you architect your application, remember that you
should only have one form factory and that you'll need to be able to access
it throughout your application.

.. _component-form-intro-create-simple-form:

Creating a simple Form
----------------------

.. tip::

    If you're using the Symfony Framework, then the form factory is available
    automatically as a service called ``form.factory``. Also, the default
    base controller class has a :method:`Symfony\\Bundle\\FrameworkBundle\\Controller::createFormBuilder`
    method, which is a shortcut to fetch the form factory and call ``createBuilder()``
    on it.

Creating a form is done via a :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Form\\FormBuilder`
object, where you build and configure different fields. The form builder
is created from the form factory.

.. configuration-block::

    .. code-block:: php-standalone

        use Symfony\Component\Form\Extension\Core\Type\TextType;
        use Symfony\Component\Form\Extension\Core\Type\DateType;

        // ...

        $form = $formFactory->createBuilder()
            ->add('task', TextType::class)
            ->add('dueDate', DateType::class)
            ->getForm();

        var_dump($twig->render('new.html.twig', [
            'form' => $form->createView(),
        ]));

    .. code-block:: php-symfony

        // src/Controller/TaskController.php
        namespace App\Controller;

        use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController;
        use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Request;
        use Symfony\Component\Form\Extension\Core\Type\TextType;
        use Symfony\Component\Form\Extension\Core\Type\DateType;

        class TaskController extends AbstractController
        {
            public function new(Request $request)
            {
                // createFormBuilder is a shortcut to get the "form factory"
                // and then call "createBuilder()" on it

                $form = $this->createFormBuilder()
                    ->add('task', TextType::class)
                    ->add('dueDate', DateType::class)
                    ->getForm();

                return $this->render('task/new.html.twig', [
                    'form' => $form->createView(),
                ]);
            }
        }

As you can see, creating a form is like writing a recipe: you call ``add()``
for each new field you want to create. The first argument to ``add()`` is the
name of your field, and the second is the fully qualified class name. The Form
component comes with a lot of :doc:`built-in types </reference/forms/types>`.

Now that you've built your form, learn how to :ref:`render <component-form-intro-rendering-form>`
it and :ref:`process the form submission <component-form-intro-handling-submission>`.

Setting default Values
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

If you need your form to load with some default values (or you're building
an "edit" form), pass in the default data when creating your form builder:

.. configuration-block::

    .. code-block:: php-standalone

        use Symfony\Component\Form\Extension\Core\Type\FormType;
        use Symfony\Component\Form\Extension\Core\Type\TextType;
        use Symfony\Component\Form\Extension\Core\Type\DateType;

        // ...

        $defaults = [
            'dueDate' => new \DateTime('tomorrow'),
        ];

        $form = $formFactory->createBuilder(FormType::class, $defaults)
            ->add('task', TextType::class)
            ->add('dueDate', DateType::class)
            ->getForm();

    .. code-block:: php-symfony

        // src/Controller/DefaultController.php
        namespace App\Controller;

        use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController;
        use Symfony\Component\Form\Extension\Core\Type\TextType;
        use Symfony\Component\Form\Extension\Core\Type\DateType;

        class DefaultController extends AbstractController
        {
            public function new(Request $request)
            {
                $defaults = [
                    'dueDate' => new \DateTime('tomorrow'),
                ];

                $form = $this->createFormBuilder($defaults)
                    ->add('task', TextType::class)
                    ->add('dueDate', DateType::class)
                    ->getForm();

                // ...
            }
        }

.. tip::

    In this example, the default data is an array. Later, when you use the
    :ref:`data_class <form-data-class>` option to bind data directly to
    objects, your default data will be an instance of that object.

.. _component-form-intro-rendering-form:

Rendering the Form
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Now that the form has been created, the next step is to render it. This is
done by passing a special form "view" object to your template (notice the
``$form->createView()`` in the controller above) and using a set of
:ref:`form helper functions <reference-form-twig-functions>`:

.. code-block:: html+twig

    {{ form_start(form) }}
        {{ form_widget(form) }}

        <input type="submit"/>
    {{ form_end(form) }}

.. image:: /_images/form/simple-form.png
    :align: center

That's it! By printing ``form_widget(form)``, each field in the form is
rendered, along with a label and error message (if there is one). While this is
convenient, it's not very flexible (yet). Usually, you'll want to render each
form field individually so you can control how the form looks. You'll learn how
to do that in the :doc:`form customization </form/form_customization>` article.

Changing a Form's Method and Action
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

By default, a form is submitted to the same URI that rendered the form with
an HTTP POST request. This behavior can be changed using the :ref:`form-option-action`
and :ref:`form-option-method` options (the ``method`` option is also used
by :method:`Symfony\\Component\\Form\\Form::handleRequest` to determine whether a form has been submitted):

.. configuration-block::

    .. code-block:: php-standalone

        use Symfony\Component\Form\Extension\Core\Type\FormType;

        // ...

        $formBuilder = $formFactory->createBuilder(FormType::class, null, [
            'action' => '/search',
            'method' => 'GET',
        ]);

        // ...

    .. code-block:: php-symfony

        // src/Controller/DefaultController.php
        namespace App\Controller;

        use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController;
        use Symfony\Component\Form\Extension\Core\Type\FormType;

        class DefaultController extends AbstractController
        {
            public function search()
            {
                $formBuilder = $this->createFormBuilder(null, [
                    'action' => '/search',
                    'method' => 'GET',
                ]);

                // ...
            }
        }

.. _component-form-intro-handling-submission:

Handling Form Submissions
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

To handle form submissions, use the :method:`Symfony\\Component\\Form\\Form::handleRequest`
method:

.. configuration-block::

    .. code-block:: php-standalone

        use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Request;
        use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\RedirectResponse;
        use Symfony\Component\Form\Extension\Core\Type\DateType;
        use Symfony\Component\Form\Extension\Core\Type\TextType;

        // ...

        $form = $formFactory->createBuilder()
            ->add('task', TextType::class)
            ->add('dueDate', DateType::class)
            ->getForm();

        $request = Request::createFromGlobals();

        $form->handleRequest($request);

        if ($form->isSubmitted() && $form->isValid()) {
            $data = $form->getData();

            // ... perform some action, such as saving the data to the database

            $response = new RedirectResponse('/task/success');
            $response->prepare($request);

            return $response->send();
        }

        // ...

    .. code-block:: php-symfony

        // src/Controller/TaskController.php
        namespace App\Controller;

        use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController;
        use Symfony\Component\Form\Extension\Core\Type\DateType;
        use Symfony\Component\Form\Extension\Core\Type\TextType;

        class TaskController extends AbstractController
        {
            public function new(Request $request)
            {
                $form = $this->createFormBuilder()
                    ->add('task', TextType::class)
                    ->add('dueDate', DateType::class)
                    ->getForm();

                $form->handleRequest($request);

                if ($form->isSubmitted() && $form->isValid()) {
                    $data = $form->getData();

                    // ... perform some action, such as saving the data to the database

                    return $this->redirectToRoute('task_success');
                }

                // ...
            }
        }

This defines a common form "workflow", which contains 3 different possibilities:

1) On the initial GET request (i.e. when the user "surfs" to your page),
   build your form and render it;

If the request is a POST, process the submitted data (via :method:`Symfony\\Component\\Form\\Form::handleRequest`).
Then:

2) if the form is invalid, re-render the form (which will now contain errors);
3) if the form is valid, perform some action and redirect.

Luckily, you don't need to decide whether or not a form has been submitted.
Just pass the current request to the :method:`Symfony\\Component\\Form\\Form::handleRequest`
method. Then, the Form component will do all the necessary work for you.

.. _component-form-intro-validation:

Form Validation
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The easiest way to add validation to your form is via the ``constraints``
option when building each field:

.. configuration-block::

    .. code-block:: php-standalone

        use Symfony\Component\Validator\Constraints\NotBlank;
        use Symfony\Component\Validator\Constraints\Type;
        use Symfony\Component\Form\Extension\Core\Type\TextType;
        use Symfony\Component\Form\Extension\Core\Type\DateType;

        $form = $formFactory->createBuilder()
            ->add('task', TextType::class, [
                'constraints' => new NotBlank(),
            ])
            ->add('dueDate', DateType::class, [
                'constraints' => [
                    new NotBlank(),
                    new Type(\DateTime::class),
                ]
            ])
            ->getForm();

    .. code-block:: php-symfony

        // src/Controller/DefaultController.php
        namespace App\Controller;

        use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController;
        use Symfony\Component\Validator\Constraints\NotBlank;
        use Symfony\Component\Validator\Constraints\Type;
        use Symfony\Component\Form\Extension\Core\Type\DateType;
        use Symfony\Component\Form\Extension\Core\Type\TextType;

        class DefaultController extends AbstractController
        {
            public function new(Request $request)
            {
                $form = $this->createFormBuilder()
                    ->add('task', TextType::class, [
                        'constraints' => new NotBlank(),
                    ])
                    ->add('dueDate', DateType::class, [
                        'constraints' => [
                            new NotBlank(),
                            new Type(\DateTime::class),
                        ]
                    ])
                    ->getForm();
                // ...
            }
        }

When the form is bound, these validation constraints will be applied automatically
and the errors will display next to the fields on error.

.. note::

    For a list of all of the built-in validation constraints, see
    :doc:`/reference/constraints`.

Accessing Form Errors
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

You can use the :method:`Symfony\\Component\\Form\\FormInterface::getErrors`
method to access the list of errors. It returns a
:class:`Symfony\\Component\\Form\\FormErrorIterator` instance::

    $form = ...;

    // ...

    // a FormErrorIterator instance, but only errors attached to this
    // form level (e.g. global errors)
    $errors = $form->getErrors();

    // a FormErrorIterator instance, but only errors attached to the
    // "firstName" field
    $errors = $form['firstName']->getErrors();

    // a FormErrorIterator instance in a flattened structure
    // use getOrigin() to determine the form causing the error
    $errors = $form->getErrors(true);

    // a FormErrorIterator instance representing the form tree structure
    $errors = $form->getErrors(true, false);

Clearing Form Errors
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Any errors can be manually cleared using the
:method:`Symfony\\Component\\Form\\ClearableErrorsInterface::clearErrors`
method. This is useful when you'd like to validate the form without showing
validation errors to the user (i.e. during a partial AJAX submission or
:doc:`dynamic form modification </form/dynamic_form_modification>`).

Because clearing the errors makes the form valid,
:method:`Symfony\\Component\\Form\\ClearableErrorsInterface::clearErrors`
should only be called after testing whether the form is valid.

Learn more
----------

.. toctree::
    :maxdepth: 1
    :glob:

    /form/*

.. _Twig: https://twig.symfony.com
.. _`Twig Configuration`: https://twig.symfony.com/doc/2.x/intro.html