.. index::
single: DependencyInjection; Injection types
Types of Injection
==================
Making a class's dependencies explicit and requiring that they be injected
into it is a good way of making a class more reusable, testable and decoupled
from others.
There are several ways that the dependencies can be injected. Each injection
point has advantages and disadvantages to consider, as well as different
ways of working with them when using the service container.
Constructor Injection
---------------------
The most common way to inject dependencies is via a class's constructor.
To do this you need to add an argument to the constructor signature to accept
the dependency::
namespace App\Mail;
// ...
class NewsletterManager
{
private $mailer;
public function __construct(MailerInterface $mailer)
{
$this->mailer = $mailer;
}
// ...
}
You can specify what service you would like to inject into this in the
service container configuration:
.. configuration-block::
.. code-block:: yaml
# config/services.yaml
services:
# ...
App\Mail\NewsletterManager:
arguments: ['@mailer']
.. code-block:: xml
.. code-block:: php
// config/services.php
namespace Symfony\Component\DependencyInjection\Loader\Configurator;
use App\Mail\NewsletterManager;
return function(ContainerConfigurator $configurator) {
$services = $configurator->services();
$services->set(NewsletterManager::class)
->args(ref('mailer'));
};
.. tip::
Type hinting the injected object means that you can be sure that a suitable
dependency has been injected. By type-hinting, you'll get a clear error
immediately if an unsuitable dependency is injected. By type hinting
using an interface rather than a class you can make the choice of dependency
more flexible. And assuming you only use methods defined in the interface,
you can gain that flexibility and still safely use the object.
There are several advantages to using constructor injection:
* If the dependency is a requirement and the class cannot work without it
then injecting it via the constructor ensures it is present when the class
is used as the class cannot be constructed without it.
* The constructor is only ever called once when the object is created, so
you can be sure that the dependency will not change during the object's
lifetime.
These advantages do mean that constructor injection is not suitable for
working with optional dependencies. It is also more difficult to use in
combination with class hierarchies: if a class uses constructor injection
then extending it and overriding the constructor becomes problematic.
Immutable-setter Injection
--------------------------
Another possible injection is to use a method which returns a separate instance
by cloning the original service, this approach allows you to make a service immutable::
// ...
use Symfony\Component\Mailer\MailerInterface;
class NewsletterManager
{
private $mailer;
/**
* @required
* @return static
*/
public function withMailer(MailerInterface $mailer)
{
$new = clone $this;
$new->mailer = $mailer;
return $new;
}
// ...
}
In order to use this type of injection, don't forget to configure it:
.. configuration-block::
.. code-block:: yaml
# config/services.yaml
services:
# ...
app.newsletter_manager:
class: App\Mail\NewsletterManager
calls:
- [withMailer, ['@mailer'], true]
.. code-block:: xml
.. code-block:: php
// config/services.php
use App\Mail\NewsletterManager;
use Symfony\Component\DependencyInjection\Reference;
// ...
$container->register('app.newsletter_manager', NewsletterManager::class)
->addMethodCall('withMailer', [new Reference('mailer')], true);
.. note::
If you decide to use autowiring, this type of injection requires
that you add a ``@return static`` docblock in order for the container
to be capable of registering the method.
This approach is useful if you need to configure your service according to your needs,
so, here's the advantages of immutable-setters:
* Immutable setters works with optional dependencies, this way, if you don't need
a dependency, the setter don't need to be called.
* Like the constructor injection, using immutable setters force the dependency to stay
the same during the lifetime of a service.
* This type of injection works well with traits as the service can be composed,
this way, adapting the service to your application requirements is easier.
* The setter can be called multiple times, this way, adding a dependency to a collection
becomes easier and allows you to add a variable number of dependencies.
The disadvantages are:
* As the setter call is optional, a dependency can be null during execution,
you must check that the dependency is available before calling it.
* Unless the service is declared lazy, it is incompatible with services
that reference each other in what are called circular loops.
Setter Injection
----------------
Another possible injection point into a class is by adding a setter method
that accepts the dependency::
// ...
class NewsletterManager
{
private $mailer;
public function setMailer(MailerInterface $mailer)
{
$this->mailer = $mailer;
}
// ...
}
.. configuration-block::
.. code-block:: yaml
# config/services.yaml
services:
# ...
app.newsletter_manager:
class: App\Mail\NewsletterManager
calls:
- [setMailer, ['@mailer']]
.. code-block:: xml
.. code-block:: php
// config/services.php
namespace Symfony\Component\DependencyInjection\Loader\Configurator;
use App\Mail\NewsletterManager;
return function(ContainerConfigurator $configurator) {
$services = $configurator->services();
$services->set(NewsletterManager::class)
->call('setMailer', [ref('mailer')]);
};
This time the advantages are:
* Setter injection works well with optional dependencies. If you do not
need the dependency, then do not call the setter.
* You can call the setter multiple times. This is particularly useful if
the method adds the dependency to a collection. You can then have a variable
number of dependencies.
* Like the immutable-setter one, this type of injection works well with
traits and allows you to compose your service.
The disadvantages of setter injection are:
* The setter can be called more than just at the time of construction so
you cannot be sure the dependency is not replaced during the lifetime
of the object (except by explicitly writing the setter method to check
if it has already been called).
* You cannot be sure the setter will be called and so you need to add checks
that any required dependencies are injected.
Property Injection
------------------
Another possibility is setting public fields of the class directly::
// ...
class NewsletterManager
{
public $mailer;
// ...
}
.. configuration-block::
.. code-block:: yaml
# config/services.yaml
services:
# ...
app.newsletter_manager:
class: App\Mail\NewsletterManager
properties:
mailer: '@mailer'
.. code-block:: xml
.. code-block:: php
// config/services.php
namespace Symfony\Component\DependencyInjection\Loader\Configurator;
use App\Mail\NewsletterManager;
return function(ContainerConfigurator $configurator) {
$services = $configurator->services();
$services->set('app.newsletter_manager', NewsletterManager::class)
->property('mailer', ref('mailer'));
};
There are mainly only disadvantages to using property injection, it is similar
to setter injection but with these additional important problems:
* You cannot control when the dependency is set at all, it can be changed
at any point in the object's lifetime.
* You cannot use type hinting so you cannot be sure what dependency is injected
except by writing into the class code to explicitly test the class instance
before using it.
But, it is useful to know that this can be done with the service container,
especially if you are working with code that is out of your control, such
as in a third party library, which uses public properties for its dependencies.